Volume 31, Issue 2 (7-2025)
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Dehghan Nayeri N, Bahramnezhad F. Qualitative research and content analysis: A review of Graneheim and Lundman (2004 & 2020). Journal of Hayat 2025; 31 (2) :112-121
URL: http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5561-en.html
URL: http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5561-en.html
1- Dept. of Nursing Management, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2- Dept. of Nursing Critical Care, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,bahramnezhad.f@gmail.com
2- Dept. of Nursing Critical Care, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,
Abstract: (2902 Views)
Content analysis is a systematic and reproducible method through which large quantities of textual words are condensed into smaller, more understandable categories. This is achieved through coding principles. The approach is used objectively and systematically to study and analyze messages, enabling meaningful interpretation through precise measurement of variables. Content analysis is one of the oldest and most reputable methods for examining textual data, initially used in religious studies to understand metaphors and implicit meanings in sacred texts such as the Bible. The method traces its roots to eighteenth-century Scandinavia and, in the twentieth century, developed in the United States as a research technique with both quantitative and qualitative orientations. Qualitative content analysis, through coding, categorizing, and theme extraction, organizes data and provides a coherent, in-depth understanding of the phenomenon (8).
One important and widely used method in qualitative content analysis is the Graneheim and Lundman approach, which is commonly applied in conventional (inductive) studies. This method emphasizes coding, identifying main topics, and extracting fundamental concepts to offer a coherent and reliable framework for analyzing qualitative texts. Two key studies published in 2004 and 2020 by Graneheim and Lundman both presented approaches to qualitative content analysis, but their focus and details differ. Although both studies aim to extract meaning and offer precise interpretation of qualitative data, a precise understanding of their similarities and differences is of high importance for researchers.
Keywords: Qualitative research, content analysis
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