fa نگاهی اجمالی بر اتنوگرافی انتقادی گزارش موردی Case Report پژوهشي Research <p align="right" style="DIRECTION: rtl"><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">اتنوگرافی یکی از انواع روش‌های تحقیق کیفی است که در آن محقق جنبه&shy;های ارزشی، اعتقادی و فرهنگی را در گروهی از افراد یا جوامع مورد مطالعه قرار می&shy;دهد. اتنوگرافی انتقادی در واقع انجام همین&shy;کار با تمرکز بر قدرت، پرستیژ، جایگاه و اقتدار افراد و گروه‌های اجتماعی است </span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes"><font face="B Yagut" size="3">(</font></span></span><span dir="rtl" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><a href="file:///C:/Users/localuser/Desktop/1%20-%20Dr%20Bozorgzad-Maghaleh%20Sardabiri.docx" title="Harrowing, 2010 #5"><span b="" color:="" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt TEXT-DECORATION: none FONT-FAMILY: " text-underline:="" times="">1</span></a></span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">)</span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">. در مطالعات اتنوگرافی پژوهشگر با منطقی استقرایی بر تعاملات بین افراد تمرکز می&shy;کند تا معانی نهفته در فرهنگ را کشف کند و رویکرد انتقادی توجه پژوهشگر را به سمت افرادی که نقش کم‌تری در این تعاملات دارند، جلب می&shy;کند </span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">(</span><span dir="rtl" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><a href="file:///C:/Users/localuser/Desktop/1%20-%20Dr%20Bozorgzad-Maghaleh%20Sardabiri.docx" title="Parissopoulos, 2014 #10"><span b="" color:="" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt TEXT-DECORATION: none FONT-FAMILY: " text-underline:="" times="">2</span></a></span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">)</span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">. </span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">Madison</span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""> به نقل از </span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">Thomas</span><span b="" dir="rtl" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""> <span lang="FA"><font face="B Yagut" size="3">اتنوگرافی انتقادی را یک اتنوگرافی کلاسیک با هدف سیاسی می&shy;داند که در آن قوم‌نگار تنها به&shy;دنبال توضیح معانی کنش&shy;ها در درون یک بافت خاص نیست، بلکه می&shy;خواهد بداند که این معانی در تقابل با ساختار گسترده&shy;تر قدرت چگونه توصیف می&shy;شوند </font></span></span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes"><font face="B Yagut" size="3">(</font></span></span><span dir="rtl" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><a href="file:///C:/Users/localuser/Desktop/1%20-%20Dr%20Bozorgzad-Maghaleh%20Sardabiri.docx" title="Madison, 2011 #4"><span b="" color:="" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt TEXT-DECORATION: none FONT-FAMILY: " text-underline:="" times="">3</span></a></span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">)</span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">. بدین ترتیب در تمامی عرصه&shy;هایی که تعاملات تحت تأثیر مناسبات قدرت قرار می&shy;گیرد، دیدگاه انتقادی مطرح می&shy;شود. اتنوگرافی انتقادی نقش مهمی در مطالعات سلامت به ویژه در پرستاری دارد، اکثر افراد این حرفه زن‌ها هستند و روابط قدرت یکی از عواملی است که تعاملات پیچیده پزشک- پرستار و پرستار- بیمار را تحت تأثیر قرار می&shy;دهد </span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes"><font face="B Yagut" size="3">(</font></span></span><span dir="rtl" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><a href="file:///C:/Users/localuser/Desktop/1%20-%20Dr%20Bozorgzad-Maghaleh%20Sardabiri.docx" title="Gerrish, 2010 #11"><span b="" color:="" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt TEXT-DECORATION: none FONT-FAMILY: " text-underline:="" times="">4</span></a></span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">)</span><span b="" dir="rtl" lang="FA" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">.</span></p> <p><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">Ethnography is a qualitative research method in which researchers study various values, beliefs and cultural meanings in a group of people or society. Critical ethnography puts more emphasis on social groups and individuals&#39; power, prestige, authority and status </span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">(</font></span></span><span line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><a href="file:///C:/Users/localuser/Desktop/1%20-%20Dr%20Bozorgzad-Maghaleh%20Sardabiri.docx" title="Harrowing, 2010 #5"><span b="" color:="" line-height:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt TEXT-DECORATION: none FONT-FAMILY: " text-underline:="" times="">1</span></a></span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">)</span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">. In e</span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">thnographic studies, </span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">researchers employing inductive logic focus on interactions between people to discover the meaning embedded in culture. Critical approach attracts researchers&rsquo; attention towards individuals who play a minor role in social interactions </span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">(</font></span></span><span line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><a href="file:///C:/Users/localuser/Desktop/1%20-%20Dr%20Bozorgzad-Maghaleh%20Sardabiri.docx" title="Parissopoulos, 2014 #10"><span b="" color:="" line-height:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt TEXT-DECORATION: none FONT-FAMILY: " text-underline:="" times="">2</span></a></span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">)</span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">.</span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""> Madison quoting Thomas contends that critical ethnography is a classic ethnography with a political aim. The ethnographer not only explains the meanings of interaction in a specific context, but also strives to know how these meanings are described against the broad structure of power </span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">(</font></span></span><span line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><a href="file:///C:/Users/localuser/Desktop/1%20-%20Dr%20Bozorgzad-Maghaleh%20Sardabiri.docx" title="Madison, 2011 #4"><span b="" color:="" line-height:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt TEXT-DECORATION: none FONT-FAMILY: " text-underline:="" times="">3</span></a></span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">)</span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">. Thus, critical ethnography involves all the fields in which interactions are influenced by power relations. Critical ethnography plays an essential role in health research and nursing, in particular. Most of the nurses are female and power relations are one of many factors that affect the complex doctor-nurse and nurse-patient interactions </span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">(</font></span></span><span line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt FONT-FAMILY: " times=""><a href="file:///C:/Users/localuser/Desktop/1%20-%20Dr%20Bozorgzad-Maghaleh%20Sardabiri.docx" title="Gerrish, 2010 #11"><span b="" color:="" line-height:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt TEXT-DECORATION: none FONT-FAMILY: " text-underline:="" times="">4</span></a></span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">)</span><span b="" line-height:="" mso-ansi-language:="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-font-family:="" mso-bidi-language:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-language:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: " times="">. </span></p> اتنوگرافی انتقادی Critical Ethnography 1 5 http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-36-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Parisa Bozorgzad پریسا بزرگ‌زاد p.bozorgzad@yahoo.com Yes دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی پرستاری دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران